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The genus Symphyandra is very closely related to Campanula and differs only in the anthers being connate in a tube. Even this difference breaks down, since in Campanula sect. Symphyandriformes there are some species, such as Campanula betulifolia and Campanula ossetica, where the anthers are partly connate in younger flowers. Also in Campanula flaccidula (sect. Rapunculus) the anthers are partly connate during anthesis (observation from herbarium material only). The preservation of Symphyandra as a genus seems to result from conservative tradition, and subgeneric rank may be more appropriate.¹⁾

Information needed.- Species actually grown or used for breeding ²⁾